1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani
Wannan binciken yana nazarin bitar littafin Littattafan Audio na Dijital: Sabbin Kafofin Watsa Labarai, Masu Amfani, da Gogewa na Iben Have da Birgitte Stougaard Pedersen, wanda aka buga a Jaridar MedieKultur. Bitar ta sanya aikin a matsayin gudunmawa mai mahimmanci ga fahimtar sauye-sauyen yadda ake amfani da adabi ta hanyar tsarin sauti na dijital. Littafin audio ya fito ba kawai a matsayin wani abu da ya samo asali daga bugu ba, amma a matsayin wata hanya ta musamman mai tanadin dama na musamman da halaye na gogewa.
Babban jigon ya kalubalanci ra'ayin tarihi na littattafan audio a matsayin nau'in "karatu" mara kyau, wanda sau da yawa ake danganta shi da rashin aiki ko jahilci. A maimakon haka, marubutan suna jayayya don amincewa da littattafan audio a matsayin wata hanya ta kafofin watsa labarai halatta kuma mai sarkakiya wacce ke sake tsara gogewar karatu ta hanyar sauti, wasan kwaikwayo, da tsaka-tsakin fasaha.
2. Tsarin Ka'idoji & Hanyoyin Bincike
Littafin ya yi amfani da tsarin bincike mai haɗa fannoni daban-daban, yana ɗaukar mahimman ka'idoji guda biyu.
2.1 Ka'idar Tsaka-tsakin Kafofin Watsa Labarai (Mediatization)
Wannan tsarin yana bincika yadda kafofin watsa labarai ke tsarawa kuma ake tsara su ta hanyar ayyukan zamantakewa da al'adu. A cikin mahallin littattafan audio, yana nazarin yadda tsarin sauti na dijital ke canza aikin "karatu" zuwa "ji," yana ƙirƙirar sabbin al'ada, wurare (misali, tafiya, motsa jiki), da mahallin zamantakewa don shiga cikin adabi. Ya wuce tsarin ƙaddara na fasaha (labaran "maye" ko "'yanci" da aka ambata a cikin bitar) don mayar da hankali kan daidaitawar tsaka-tsaki da aiki.
2.2 Hanyar Bayan-Fahimtar Halitta (Post-Phenomenological)
Wannan hanyar, wacce masu tunani kamar Don Ihde suka rinjaye, tana mai da hankali kan gogewar rayuwa na dangantakar ɗan adam da fasaha. Tana tambaya: Ta yaya littafin audio ke canza fahimtar mai karatu/mai sauraro, hankali, da jiki? Wannan hanya tana da mahimmanci don nazarin "gogewar da ke cikin yanayi" na karatun sauti, la'akari da abubuwa kamar yin ayyuka da yawa, sautin muhalli, da dangantakar zamantakewa tare da muryar mai ba da labari.
3. Cikakken Bincike & Binciken Gano
3.1 Kyawawan Dabi'u, Sauti, da Hankali
Manufar "karatu da kunnuwa" ita ce tsakiya. Binciken ya nuna cewa sauraron littafin audio ba karɓa mara aiki ba ne, amma aiki ne mai aiki, mai nau'i-nau'i. Gogewar tana haɗuwa da kyawawan halayen rikodin (ingancin sauti, sauri), abun ciki (labari), da tsaka-tsaki (na'urar kunnawa da mahallin). Wannan yana kalubalantar ra'ayin N. Katherine Hayles na karatu mai da hankali kan bugu, yana ba da shawarar bincike na musamman na kafofin watsa labarai wanda ke girmama halayen hankali na musamman na sauti.
3.2 Damar Amfani (Affordance) da Murya
Littafin ya yi amfani da manufar damar amfani (affordance)—halayen abu da ake gani da na ainihi waɗanda ke ƙayyade yadda za a iya amfani da shi—ga littattafan audio na dijital. Manyan damar amfani sun haɗa da ɗaukar kayayyaki, yana ba da damar amfani yayin wasu ayyuka, da sarrafa lokaci (sarrafa sauri). Mafi mahimmancin damar amfani da aka bincika ita ce muryar wasan kwaikwayo. Muryar mai ba da labari ba ta kasance hanyar bayyana gaskiya ba; tana yin wasan kwaikwayo, tana fassara, kuma tana ƙara matakin zamantakewa. Wannan yana sake tsara abubuwan labari kamar mayar da hankali da fassarar hali idan aka kwatanta da karatu shiru.
Mahimman Bayani:
Murya a cikin littafin audio tana aiki a matsayin mai tsaka-tsakin fasaha wanda ke canza rubutun daga lambar alama ta gani zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na jiki, tasiri, da zamantakewa.
3.3 Kalubalantar Ra'ayoyin Karya
Babban manufar aikin shine rushe ra'ayin cewa sauraron littafin audio abu ne maras daraja, malalaci, ko ƙarancin hankali. Ta hanyar nazarin takamaiman kyawawan dabi'unsa, damar amfani, da sakamakon gogewa, marubutan suna jayayya don ingancinsa a matsayin aikin karatu na musamman kuma mai sarkakiya. Yana sake fassara "karatu" a matsayin nau'i-nau'i na shiga cikin rubutu.
4. Tsarin Fasaha & Samfuran Bincike
Duk da yake littafin da aka yi bita ba jagora na fasaha ba ne, ana iya ƙirƙira tsarin bincikensa. Babban ra'ayi shine Matrix na Gogewar Karatun Sauti, wanda za a iya fassara shi ta hanyar nazarin hulɗar masu canji. Ana iya ƙirƙira fahimtar mai amfani ($C$) a matsayin aiki na sarkakiyar rubutu ($T_x$), wasan kwaikwayo na murya ($V_p$), da mahallin yanayi ($S_c$), wanda shigar mai amfani ($U_e$) ke daidaitawa.
$C \approx f(T_x, V_p, S_c) \cdot U_e$
Inda $V_p$ ya haɗa da masu canji kamar sautin murya, tsayi, sauri, da jujjuyawar motsin rai. $S_c$ ya haɗa da abubuwan muhalli (hayaniya, aiki) da mu'amalar fasaha (belun kunne, ingancin lasifikar). Wannan samfurin yana nuna cewa fahimta ba sauƙaƙan canja wuri ba ne, amma gogewa ce da aka gina.
Misalin Tsarin Bincike:
Hali: Nazarin karɓar mai sauraro na sigar littafin audio na wani littafi mai sarkakiya na adabi da na littafin ban tsoro na shahara.
Aiwatar da Tsarin:
- Bincike na Musamman na Kafofin Watsa Labarai: Ta yaya wasan kwaikwayo na murya ke sarrafa sarkakiyar jumla ko zance na ciki a cikin littafin adabi idan aka kwatanta da saurin tattaunawar littafin ban tsoro?
- Binciken Damar Amfani (Affordance): Shin masu sauraro suna amfani da daidaitawar sauri daban? Shin ana sauraron littafin adabi sau da yawa a cikin saitunan mai da hankali, yayin da ake cinye littafin ban tsoro yayin tafiya?
- Hira ta Bayan-Fahimtar Halitta (Post-Phenomenological): Fito da kwatancin "gogewar da aka ji." Shin muryar mai ba da labari na littafin adabi ta fi "kasancewa" ko kutsawa? Ta yaya wannan ke shafar nutsewa?
5. Bincike Mai Zurfi & Mahangar Masana'antu
6. Aiwatar da Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike na Gaba
Tsarin da aka kafa a nan yana buɗe hanyoyi da yawa na gaba:
- AI da Ba da Labari na Roba: Yin amfani da ruwan tabarau na bayan-fahimtar halitta ga gogewar masu sauraro tare da littattafan da AI ke ba da labari. Shin muryar roba tana canza dangantakar zamantakewa? Menene iyakokin karɓuwa don nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban?
- Sauti Mai Nutsewa da AR/VR: Juyin halitta na ma'ana shine sauti na sarari da ba da labari mai nutsewa. Ta yaya yanayin sauti na 3D (kamar a cikin ƙirar sauti na wasan bidiyo ko kiɗan Dolby Atmos) ke ƙara canza nutsewar labari da "gogewar da ke cikin yanayi"?
- Nazarin Hankali da Halayya: Haɗin gwiwa tare da masana kimiyyar fahimi don auna hankali, fahimta, da bambancin amsa na motsin rai tsakanin karatu da sauraro, ta amfani da kayan aiki kamar EEG ko bin ido da aka daidaita don amfani da sauti.
- Nazarin Dandamali: Nazarin yadda tsarin kasuwanci da ƙirar mu'amala na dandamali kamar Audible ko Spotify ke tsara kai tsaye damar amfani da ayyukan amfani da aka yi ka'ida a cikin littafin.
7. Nassoshi
- Have, I., & Pedersen, B. S. (2016). Littattafan Audio na Dijital: Sabbin Kafofin Watsa Labarai, Masu Amfani, da Gogewa. New York: Routledge.
- Duguid, P. (1996). Material matters: The past and futurology of the book. In G. Nunberg (Ed.), Makomar Littafi (pp. 63-102). Jami'ar California Press.
- Finkelstein, D., & McCleery, A. (2005). Gabatarwa ga Tarihin Littafi. Routledge.
- Hayles, N. K. (2002). Injinan Rubutu. MIT Press.
- Ihde, D. (1990). Fasaha da Rayuwar Duniya: Daga Lambu zuwa Duniya. Indiana University Press.
- Kozloff, S. (1995). Littattafan audio a cikin al'adar gani. Jaridar Al'adar Shahararrun, 28(4), 215-231.
- van Dijck, J. (2013). Al'adar Haɗin Kai: Tarihi Mai Mahimmanci na Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Zamantakewa. Oxford University Press. (Don mahallin ka'idar tsaka-tsakin kafofin watsa labarai).
- Oord, A. v. d., et al. (2016). WaveNet: Samfurin Haɓakawa don Sauti Danye. arXiv:1609.03499. (Nassoshi na fasaha na waje akan muryar roba).
- Rogers, R. (2013). Hanyoyin Dijital. MIT Press. (Don hanyoyin bincike kan nazarin dandamali).
Mahimman Bayani
Aikin Have da Pedersen ba kawai aikin ilimi ba ne; yana da tsarin sake tsara wani yanki na kasuwa mai bunƙasa. Sun yi nasarar raba "daraja" daga "rubutu akan shafi," suna jayayya cewa darajar littafin audio ana samun ta ta hanyar wata gogewa ta musamman wacce ta dogara da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta shiga cikin mahalli. Wannan yana canza hankalin masana'antu daga sauƙaƙan canza tsari zuwa ƙirar gogewa.
Tsarin Ma'ana
Hujja ta ci gaba da daidaitaccen tsari: 1) Gano kuma a watsar da tsarin ƙaddara na fasaha da ya wuce (mutuwar littafi/labaran 'yanci). 2) Kafa kayan aikin ka'idoji masu ƙarfi (Tsaka-tsakin Kafofin Watsa Labarai + Bayan-Fahimtar Halitta) waɗanda suka dace da manufa. 3) Rarraba tsaka-tsaki zuwa sassan gogewarsa (Sauti, Damar Amfani, Murya). 4) Sake gina shi a matsayin aiki halatta, mai sarkakiya. Tsarin yana haɗa babban ka'idar da ƙananan gogewar mai amfani yadda ya kamata.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai
Ƙarfi: Ƙaƙƙarfan haɗa fannoni daban-daban yana da yabo. Ta hanyar haɗa ka'idar kafofin watsa labarai da fahimtar halitta, yana ba da bayani mai zurfi fiye da bayanin zamantakewa ko fasaha kawai. Mayar da hankali kan "murya" a matsayin mai tsaka-tsaki mai mahimmanci, wanda ba a bayyana shi ba, shine mafi girman gudunmawarsa, yana daidaitawa da bincike a cikin AI na murya da kafofin watsa labarai na roba (duba nassoshi ga WaveNet na Google ko muryar sirri na Apple).
Kurakurai Mai Mahimmanci: Binciken, ko da yake yana da zurfi, yana da haɗarin ƙirƙirar sabon akida mai da hankali kan sauti. Yana ba da gudunmawar takamaiman littafin audio amma bai bincika gaskiyar ɓarna na cin abinci ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin kafofin watsa labarai (transmedia) ba—masu karatu waɗanda ke canzawa tsakanin bugu, sauti, har ma da rubutun dijital na aiki ɗaya. Gogewa ba koyaushe ta takaita da tsaka-tsaki ba ce; sau da yawa haɗaɗɗiya ce kuma mai sauƙi. Samfurin $C \approx f(T_x, V_p, S_c) \cdot U_e$ yana buƙatar lokaci don ilimin tsaka-tsakin kafofin watsa labarai ($I_l$)—ƙwarewar mai amfani wajen kewaya tsarin kafofin watsa labarai.
Bayani Mai Aiki
Ga masu bugawa da dandamali (Audible, Spotify):
1. Wuce "ba da labari" zuwa "ƙirar sauti." Saka hannun jari a cikin samfuran da ke amfani da yanayin sauti, muryoyi da yawa, da tasirin sauti na musamman don amfani da cikakkiyar damar kyawawan dabi'un tsaka-tsaki, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin shirye-shiryen rediyon gwaji kamar Homecoming.
2. Haɓaka bayanan martabar sauraro masu daidaitawa. Yi amfani da bayanai ba kawai don ba da shawara ba, amma don ba da damar masu amfani su daidaita sauri/sautin murya daidai da mahallin (misali, "yanayin tafiya" da "yanayin mai da hankali mai zurfi"), wani tsari na ma'ana na binciken damar amfani.
3. Fuskantar barazanar muryar AI a cikin daki. Ka'idar murya-a matsayin mai tsaka-tsaki ta zama mai mahimmanci gaggawa tare da haɓakar ingantaccen ba da labari na roba. Dole ne masana'antu su haɓaka tsarin ɗabi'a da kyawawan dabi'u don ba da labari na AI, suna bambanta tsakanin rubutu-zuwa-murya mai aiki da wasan kwaikwayo na murya da aka tsara.